Languages

Fadhma’s working languages are English (B), French (A), Arabic (A’), and Berber (A'')*

Her combinations are as follows: 

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Conference interpreting (simultaneous/consecutive): English into French and Arabic

Community and Court interpreting: English, French, and Arabic into Berber*

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Translation: English into Arabic and French

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Proofing and Editing: French and Arabic 

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 *Classification of languages: 

Interpreters work from and into their main active languages. These are called A and B languages. When an interpreter works into her B language, it is called "retour". An A language may be active but it may not be considered a main language if the interpreter did not receive higher education in that language. Here, Berber is a case in point. It is a spoken language and is not a working language in the countries where people speak it. Interpreters that are ethnically Berber work in one or more other main and active languages. In most cases, these are French, Arabic and Spanish. 

For a description of each of interpreters'  language classification,  click here.

Alternatively, see ILR description and classification of interpreters' active languages. 

This article discusses the proficiency level corresponding to A, B, and C languages. 

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 *While native bilingualism or as Christopher Thierry calls it, true bilingualism, may be a rare occurrence in what Frantz Fanon would name "conventional societies," it is a common reality of many peoples and communities around the world. This is especially true for former European colonies and territories across Africa and the Middle East.  Click here to learn more about bilingualism.

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 *Berber is a blanket name for several languages spoken (and written) across North Africa and the Sahel.  Click here to learn more about the Berber language(s).